Saturday, April 30, 2011

Mr. Jagdeep Singh Dangi, Scientist/Engineer of the Institute has received a National Award – Outstanding Young Person of India 2010

Mr. Jagdeep Singh Dangi, Scientist/Engineer of the Institute has received a National Award – Outstanding Young Person of India 2010, in recognition of his innovative and excellent work in the field of Information Technology
and Scientific Development.

The award was given on 28th December 2010, in a sparkling eve at MGM Selvee World, Beach Front Park, Visakhapatnam by JCI (Junior Chamber International) India.



A few of the celebrities who have been adjudged as OYP by JCI INDIA are Mr. Pankaj Udhas, Mr. Sunil Gavaskar, Mr. Kapil Dev, Mr. Sachin Tendulkar, Ms. P.T. Usha etc.

Meet Mr. Jagdeep Dangi

IIITM Gwalior Awarded Dewang Mehta Business School Awards for Best IT curriculum in B-schools


FYI: ABV-IIITM Gwalior is also awarded "Business School with Best Academic Input Syllabus in Information Technology."  at 18th Business School Affaire & Dewan Mehta Business Schools Awards.

IIITM Gwalior got A++ Rank in Best B-Schools Survey 2010 by Business India





Again this an old story. This is for the reference of new students aiming for IIITM as their one of the dream B-Schools.
Please refer to the attached image, do click on in it for clearer view also find more details by clicking link at bottom.


For more details click here !

IIITM ranked 38 by MBA Universe.com in Best B Schools of India

This news is 6 months old. This is for the reference of all the MBA aspirants.

...

Read the article at this link

Advantage Alumni


Imagine meeting that prospective client you have been striving to crack a deal with at your school’s alumni meet and realizing he was your senior backs them! Or wouldn’t it be great if during an ex-employer alumni meeting, your ex-boss proposes a lucrative job offer – an opportunity better than the current one you are pursuing. How weird would it be to find out during a college reunion that your junior batch mate is vying to work with you – a possible prospect according to you as you have an opening in your team? So if you thought alumni relationships were just about staying in touch with your alma mater, post graduate institution or ex-employer think again!

While the concept of alumni associations is not new. It has gained immense momentum. These associations can be excellent platforms for organizations to hire some of the best talent and build the company’s brand. In fact, we hire large number of employees through this route. The organizations look forward towards leveraging this network for not only talent acquisition but also creating the preferred employer, brand. We have an ambassador program that helps us connect with the engineering colleges and their alumni associations. Employees act as ambassadors of the organization and help us connect with their colleges and institutions.
Talking about how alumni associations help any organization or educational institution, Rohit founder and managing director, says most of the top colleges and schools have very active alumni associations — formal or informal, especially so in Ivy League schools. The purpose of such an association is brand building for the Institution or organization since the alumni group is a very valuable resources. Especially in the new online networked world, the alumni are going global. They are the brand ambassadors and by amplifying the engagement with the alumni both the alumni and institution or organization can derive a lot of advantages in the form of guest lectures mentoring programs, placement assistance collaboration and on-going learning just to name a few. Today it is only about staying in touch but also brand building networking social and professionals’ collaboration and real time communication


The trend of alumni associations is fast catching on and has proven to be beneficial in ways more than one. Several members of the ex-employer or college alumni group hold key decision making positions with corporations all around the world.


Alumni associations have proven to be effective tools in talent acquisition and towards establishing presence across campuses. These members can spread the world of their respective universities in front of their current / prospective employer and eventually source talent. This will not only reflect positively on the university but also drastically shorten the recruitment process of the company therefore a win-win situation. We hire around 20-30 per cent of fresh graduates through or of campus drives.


According to Mahajan alumni relationships can be very powerful business tools since alumni have an affinity to work together and trust is implicit. Successful alumni may like to hire students for internship or permanent employment or share their learning and knowledge by going for guest lectures and mentorships thus enhancing their personal or company brand. Alumni running their own business might gain by connecting with other alumni in new locations and could even begin operating their business in new geographies or simply get to meet with friends while visiting a new country.


Hence it can concluded that these alumni relationships help people not only enhance their social circle and network and build a brand, but can also lead to interesting an fruitful business relationships In fact, these alumni relationships have turned out to be a win-win situation for both, the organizations or institutions and the members.

Friday, April 29, 2011

ANGKOR In City of Temple

Angkor is northwestern Cambodia, is the site where Khmer kings established their capitals from the ninth to the twelth century. He Cambodian empire, adopted Hinduism and is still proud of it. Somerset Maugham a British novelist who visited and wrote many a story with south, Asian experience and environment, said: " No one should die before seeing Angkor "   Angkor vat city of ancient Buddhist temples. It is equal to the Egyptian Pyramids and the Taj Mahal in the UNESCO scale of man's cultural inheritance. Hardly any Hindu performs a pilgrimage to this sacred Hindu town. The legends from Ramayana, Mahabharat, Apsaras from the age of dushyanta and Shakuntala are imprinted on the majestic impressive ram parts of this ancient temple and other temples spread expansively over an area of two hundred square mile Angkor derives from its Sanskrit root " Nagar " or Holi city. Angkor was a highly developed civilization as demonstrated by its temples, sculpture and base reliefs as well as elaborate irrigation system. Today Angkor is an extensive archeological site covering more than 100 temples can be seen there however, civil houses, including places which were built with wood, no longer exist up to twelfth century, kings were Hindu. At the end of this century a Buddhist king built a number of temples complexes.

The archeological site includes many treasures the most beautiful of which is the Hindu temple of Angkor vat constructed during the first half of twelfth century. The last capital was Angkor Thom, a city of nine-square kilometers in the middle of which was built the bayon, around 1200. IT understand important changes until the end of the century. At this time Angkor kings were the masters of the most important empire in southeast Asia. The more famous temple of Angkor is " Ta Prohm " the temple of Brahma, Brahma temples an unusual object and it is said the only temple to Brahma is in Pashkar, neat Ajmer, Ta Prohm is under archeological survey of India's re installation team in Angkor. The ancient ruins echo the glory of vedic culture. They enhance and intensify the consciousness of being Hindu.

The power of the Khmer kings gradually decreased, and after the middle of fifteenth century, Angkor was just the center of small kingdom until the end of sixteenth century. Threats to the archeological site of Angkor include looting vandalism and natural forces. In 1860 French explorer Henri Mahout encountered Angkor and drew the attention of the western world to the site soon after there were several expeditions which occasionally removed sculptures from Angkor and other site in Cambodia, and brought them back to pairs along which many moulding shown presently in Musee Guimet , from 1908 to 1970, the conservation Angkor protected Angkor. During the genocide and years after Angkor was in accessible and the site suffered from neglect.

In 1989 UNESCO sent the first mission there to access the state of conservation of the site, which was inscribed on the world heritage list in December 1992. Since that time the assistance provided by the international community has increased very quickly. Angkor is now facing new problems including, growing vegetation, weathering stone, looting of the temples as well as a new and difficult challenge the amazing development of tourism site development programs are being defined to ensure the best level of protection to Angkor.







Wednesday, April 27, 2011

Importance of Water

Ever since the united nations conference held on water in 1977 At mar del plata (Argentina) water clock has been ticking alarmingly. Problems of access to quality water in sufficient quantity , there is the risk of water shortage and nastiness of its resources getting trickier. The mar del plata seminar pointed the basic facts and made water as the main concern on the international political agenda.

                             One and half billion people across the world not getting the props water two billion lack clean water, In 20 years time these number will be increase. Agricultural and industrial pollution is demanding the quality of fresh water.

                             The biggest risk is in front of universe is the purification of clean drinking water and the sanitation problem, privatization of water is being aggressively exported to the developing country under the rubric of poverty reduction, debt relief, free trade and economic development. It is a depressing thought but a fact that organized capitalism and organized crimes aggressively devastating. The process of globalization with predatory instincts. These twin forces are insatiably gulping the basic resources of humanity. The multinational corporations are tightening their monopoly on food, forests, water and other gifts to man. God given mountain springs are no longer free. one has to pay levy to use Enron, Monsanto Bechtel and other intercontinental companies for drinking water.

                              The world bank (WB) identified as the clamorous instrument of multinational imposing privatization of water on poor and weak debtor nations in 2009 it sanctioned loans to 24 countries binding the contracting government to privatize the water supply critics say WB is financing private water, other international organization such as the world water commission who are expected to function disinterestedly of water through their reports.

                              Indian government also slants towards privatization of water supply. The tenth five-year plan draft clearly states that time has come for take proper steps to support private investment in water project as the government has no resources for promoting water schemes. According to Indian government getting proper water is the main right but under foreign pressure the government with its drawing from its earlier position.


Water conservation

The most important step in the direction of finding solutions to issues of water and environmental conservation is to change people's attitudes and habits¾this includes each one of us. Conserve water because it is the right thing to do. We can follow some of the simple things that have been listed below and contribute to water conservation.
  • Try to do one thing each day that will result in saving water. Don't worry if the savings are minimal¾every drop counts! You can make a difference.
  • Remember to use only the amount you actually need.
  • Form a group of water-conscious people and encourage your friends and neighbors to be part of this group. Promote water conservation in community newsletters and on bulletin boards. Encourage your friends, neighbors and co-workers to also contribute.
  • Encourage your family to keep looking for new ways to conserve water in and around your home.
  • Make sure that your home is leak-free. Many homes have leaking pipes that go unnoticed.
  • Do not leave the tap running while you are brushing your teeth or soaping your face.
  • See that there are no leaks in the toilet tank. You can check this by adding colour to the tank. If there is a leak, colour will appear in the toilet bowl within 30 minutes. (Flush as soon as the test is done, since food colouring may stain the tank.)
  • Avoid flushing the toilet unnecessarily. Put a brick or any other device that occupies space to cut down on the amount of water needed for each flush.
  • When washing the car, use water from a bucket and not a hosepipe.
  • Do not throw away water that has been used for washing vegetables, rice or dals¾use it to water plants or to clean the floors, etc
  • You can store water in a variety of ways. A simple method is to place a drum on a raised platform directly under the rainwater collection source. You can also collect water in a bucket during the rainy season.

"Water, like air, is a necessity of human life. It is also, according to Fortune magazine, 'One of the world's great business opportunities. It promises to be to the 21st century what oil was to the 20th.' In the past ten years, three giant global corporations have quietly assumed control over the water supplied to almost 300 million people in every continent of the world."  
                            



Thursday, April 21, 2011

Views against female foeticide

It is well known to all there is a steep fall in the male- female ratio. Law does not following the rule of law and violating the rule and getting their female child aborted. The impact of such type activities will not be good in society, they will have to suffer. Abortion should be strongly banned, those who does not follow the law they should suffer under breaking the law. It has been cleared of female foetus creating problem in society making gape between male and female population.

CAUSES:

Evil of dowry- The towering dowry demand is one of the main reason for female foeticide. When girl get married , as a mater of dignity too, more money and material goods are asked in dowry.So the girl is seen as a financial burden on the family right from the birth.

Social security- Due to the social security the male preference and ensuing elimination of the female, it is believed that males are bread earners of the family and they will look after parents in old age.

Small family norm- Faced with the social burden rarely anyone wants more child. Everyone wants one or two child, and males are demanding because the male offspring leads its generation forward.

Ill effects of female foeticide

The female foeticide can have great adverse effect on the mental and physical health of the mother.

India has one of the lowest sex ratios in the world which is 933 females/1000males, while the world population has a sex ratio of 990/1000 males.
If female foeticide is continued the way it it continuing it will render all the women and child health programmed a nullity.

conclusion-
"yatra nari pujyathe raman the tatra devatha" has been our culture. In our country girl is worshiped as a devi on one hand and denied her existence on the other as if she has no right to live. Now time has come for us to get rid of male chauvinism and treat children as a gift of nature regardless for their gender.Being a heath personals its our moral responsibility to create general awareness and end gender based discrimination.

Wednesday, April 20, 2011

Our views in favor of Anna Hazare campaign

A few days back Anna Hazare started campaign against corruption, scams and other unfair activities. For the same he is campaigning for Jan Lokpal(Public Ombudsman) Bill which is pending from last 42 years. People followed the campaign and escorted him.

Whatever speculation made by critics this campaign is supported by millions of Indian from heart and soul. It's too early to comment on its social message and historical inferences but its not less than Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan's Total Revolution.

The support of media both electronic and print are unprecedented. And the newly emerged social media aka facebook and twitter are behaving as last screw in the coffin for corrupt main line politicians.

He was honored bye huge population. His campaign was in interest of public and country. If he gets support of the people then country can be free from corruption. Rich and poor can get advantage, ruling party can give good performance to make strong nation. Then it is sure we can get justice and make our country strong and free from corruption,and unemployment and hence free from age old poverty.
May be we can really say that our country can be flourished.
Alas!

by B.S.Bhadoria

Tuesday, April 19, 2011

EFFECTS OF CATHARSIS ON PERSONALITY

No one can expect to go through life without some emotional tension. However, the well-adjusted person learns to face his problems objectively, develops a tolerance of the unpleasant emotions, and learns that he can justifiably be angry, frightened, envious, or jealous at times without feeling guilty or inadequate.

When a person can experience emotionally charged impulses without anxiety and guilt because he has achieved a proper balance between expression and control, he is then emotionally healthy. He finds it possible to accept his emotional impulses as natural, and to handle their expression in ways that are socially acceptable.

Emotional catharsis contributes to good adjustment both directly and indirectly. The direct effects of catharsis come from releasing the pent-up emotions and allowing physical and mental homeostasis to be restored. When the person is in a state of equilibrium, owing to the restoration of homeostasis, he can then see himself and his problems more realistically.

Indirectly, emotional catharsis affects the personality by enabling the person to behave in a manner that will win favorable reactions from members of the social group. To a large degree, it frees him of the nervousness and jitteriness which create the impression that he is immature. It goes far toward wiping out any tendency he may have to view himself and his relationships with other people in a distorted light, thus making him less prone to verbalize unfavorable attitudes and beliefs. And perhaps most important of all, it helps to eliminate the facial and bodily expressions of unpleasant emotions which others use as cues in judging him.

EMOTIONAL STRESS- Emotional stress is a generalized state of heightened emotionality  which eventually becomes habitual. In some people, stress may come mainly from fear, while in others, it is a result of conflicts that give rise to anger, jealousy, envy, or some other unpleasant emotion. Stress is rarely characterized by a predominance of the pleasant emotions.

Stress differs from mood in that a mood is a temporary state of heightened emotionally which normally subsides after a relatively short time. unless the preparation for action that accompanies a mood is expressed, however, a mood may persist and develop into stress.

Monday, April 18, 2011

FACTORS INFLUENCING ATTITUDES TOWARDS EDUCATION

Individual attitudes toward education vary from a strong interest and absorption in studies to an equally strong dislike for school in general or for the teacher, certain subjects, or the school rules in particular. These variation in attitude are due in large part to many factors which are operative to different degrees in the lives of all students. The most influential are described in the following paragraphs.

Sex Girls as a whole and at every age have more favorable attitudes toward school than boys. As a result, they do better work, cause less trouble for their teachers, and rebel less against school rules and expectations. Student rebellions, for example, are rarely initiated and carried out by girls.

Child-training methods- The kind of child training used in the home determines what attitudes and behavior patterns the child will learn. These, then, are carried from the home to the school where they determine the quality of child's behavior and the kind of adjustments he makes. If the child has developed a hostile attitude toward his parents, he will usually transfer this o his teacher and to all in authority at school. If he has learned to be timid because of authoritarian child-training methods at home, he will be timid with with his teachers and classmates.

Parents who supervise their children's activities in a democratic, positive, encouraging manner help to develop adaptive behavior in their children. This, in time, becomes a generalized pattern that not only leads to success in school but fosters a favorable attitude toward school. When the relationship between students and their parents and other family members is a happy, cooperative, and democratic one, young people are encouraged to develop a feeling of responsibility and a wholesome attitude toward what must be done. As cottle says, "Good parents produce good students". When, on the other hand, parents show little interest in their children or in their school work and when there is little exchange of affection or mutual respect, children have little motivation to do things to please their parents. Their schoolwork suffers, and they come to dislike school. Any unfavorable parent-child relationship, whether it be characterized by overindulgence, rejection, over-protection, or domination, is likely to "cripple the child's chances of adjusting successfully to the school situation, either socially or scholastically".


ATTITUDES OF OLDER STUDENTS

The typical American adolescent's attitude toward high school or college is no more favorable than that of the elementary school child. However, the adolescent realizes that education is a means to an end, both socially and vocationally. He has, according to Joseph, a "begrudging respect for education coming from external, societal pressures rather than internal regard".

Forced by external pressures to recognize the value of education, the adolescent is willing to make sacrifices n time and effort to earn good grades. If he is motivated to move up the social ladder, he will be willing to work hard at his courses of study and to participate in extracurricular activities. This does not mean that he has suddenly develop a gung-ho-attitude toward school. The young adolescent complains about school in general, about the restrictions school places on him, the homework he must do, the courses he is required to take, the way the school authorities run things, and the way his teacher teach.

Much the same holds true for college students. They want what college can give them both socially and vocationally. But, for many, the means to the desired end can be a long and unsatisfying period of forced labor. Like the child who thinks of the last day of school before vacation as a "red-letter day," so the college student often feels that he is at last gaining his freedom when his degree is conferred upon him.

Reasons for attitude deterioration-
                                                       If an adolescent enters high school or college with an unrealistic concept, believing that he is going to have nothing but good times, he is in for a rude awakening. communities provide so many fun things for young people to do that schools and colleges cannot hope to compete with them as a source of entertainment. Mathematics, for example, cannot compete with a Western or a love story on TV, nor can Latin or ancient history compete with a date in the family's new car. The curriculum of the  high school and college often seems so pedantic, old-fashioned, and the irrelevant to the real world that students rebel at the thought of wasting their time on something they claim will never do them any good and will never be used in their daily lives.

Even subjects that they can see some practical use for may be taught in a way that seems so boring that students feel they are wasting time that might better be spent on something that would be more interesting. When it is the thing to do to grumble and criticize everything and everyone connected with a school or college, the morale of any educational institution can sink to such a low level that it will reinforce already-existing unfavorable attitudes.

The leading cause of the deterioration in student's attitudes toward education is the constant reminder, through grades and teacher comments, of academic and personal shortcomings. The day in, day out pressure to perform well and the necessity of competing make schoolwork a "drag" for most students a good deal of the time.




Friday, April 15, 2011

effects of self-acceptance

The more a person accepts himself, the better his self and social adjustments. The person who makes good personal adjustments will be happy and successful. The one who makes good social adjustments will be popular, will enjoy social contacts, and will have a full and rich life. The importance of self acceptance in adolescence has been stressed by jersild: " The adolescent who realistically accepts himself has a treasure. Within his own world, the one with meager talents who forthrightly appreciates what he has is richer than ones who is bountifully endowed but deplores himself". This is true at other ages as well.

Studies reveal what a broad influence self acceptance has in the person's life. For convenience, we shall group the effect of self acceptance into two major categories the effects on self-adjustment and the effects on social adjustments and examine some of those which are most important.

EFFECTS ON SELF-ADJUSTMENTS - The self acceptant person does not think of himself as a paragon of perfection. Instead, he is able to recognize his good feature as well as his faults. One characteristic of the person who is well adjusted is that he usually recognizes his good features before his faults. As on person explained: " We all have to live with ourselves twenty-four hours a day and therefore we should think much of ourselves, at least enough to give confidence to our ego to improve ourselves".

As a result of "thinking much" of himself, the person who is self-acceptant has self-confidence and self-esteem. He is more willing to accept criticism than the less self-acceptant person, who avoids facing the fact that he is any way imperfect, as criticism implies. While the self-acceptant person may not like criticism, he accepts it and profits from it. He even makes critical self-appraisals which help him to recognize and correct his weaknesses.

Self-acceptance is accompanied by personal security. This encourages the person to believe that he can handle life's problems and that he is accepted by significant people in his life. It also encourages him to rely on his own principles and values to guide his actions rather than on the conventions and standards of others.

The self-accepting person evaluates himself realistically, and so he can use his capacities effectively, whether they are great or small. He keeps his levels of aspiration within the bounds of potentyial achievement. He accepts or even demands his proper share of the good things of life and does not deserve them.

Among the outstanding characteristics of self accepting adolescents are spontaneity and responsibility for self. They accept the qualities of their humanity without condemning themselves for conditions beyond their control. They do not see themselves as persons who should be above anger or fear or devoid of conflicting desires, free of human fallibility. They feel they have a right to have ideas, aspirations, and wishes of their own. They do not begrudge themselves the satisfactions of being alive.

VARIATIONS IN EFFECTS ON PERSONALITY

The severity and persistence of the effects of deprivation of love depend largely on the extent of the deprivation, when it occurs, how long it lasts, and whether a satisfactory source of love can be substituted for a normal, but unavailable, source.

If the deprivation of affection is very slight in extent, the desire for affection is sharpened. Children who must compete with their siblings for the mother's time and love become more friendly and eager to please. They seek more attention and affection from teacher and other adults than do childrens whose deprivation at home is extreme.

Pronounced deprivation of affection results in emotional starvation and intellectual torpor. deprivation of affection accompanied by intellectual stimulation, however, leads to autism, or "emotional refrigeration ,"in which the person show little or no interest in people and is cold, withdrawn and distant

The effects of deprivation of love on personality also depends on  when it occurs. The child is most vulnerable from 6 months to 4 or 5 years of age. If baby is separated from the mother before he  becomes accustomed to her child-care technique, he will adjust to the new situation provided that he is cared for by one person.

During the "critical period" of separation, between the last half of first year and the age of 5, the child who has no stable source of love is unable to learn to identify with or associate love with another person normally. As a result, he develops into an affection less person or an aggressive on who demand attention and affection from others. On the other hand, if separation from the mother, or a mother substitute who has provided a stable source of love, occurs after the critical period, the child can generally adjust to the change, understand why it has occurred, and from satisfying new emotional relationships.

There is little evidence that separation from the father during the "critical period" leads to any permanent damage. Since few young children develop an intense affectional attachment for their father comparable to that of their mother, the separation result no significant deprivation of affection.

Older children and adolescents deprived of a stable source of affection react differently from younger children, but the effect on their personalities is equally damaging. Loss of a parent, due to death or divorce, causes a typical grief  reaction, accompanied by feelings of insecurity and inferiority. If both parents are lost by death before the person is 14 or 15 years old, he feels inadequate, insecure, unwanted, and "different".

How long deprivation of love lasts influences its effect on the personality pattern. A short period of deprivation is more harmful in babies and young children than in those who are old enough to find a satisfactory substitute source of love. Among 2 years old, a separation from their mothers for only 19 days was reported to have " devastating" effects on children's personalities.

Much of the psychological damage of deprivation of love can be eliminated if a satisfactory substitute source of love can be found. Institutionalized babies, for example, have been reported to show none of the effects of deprivation of love if one person cares for them. Under the care of one person, they are assured of a stable source of affection and an understanding of their individual needs.

Older children and adolescents turn to the peer group for emotional satisfaction. If they are accepted by the group, the affection they find in peer relationships may compensate for lack of parental affection. Many adolescents, especially girls, find a member of the opposite sex a satisfactory substitute source of affection. For others, a crush on a teacher or an older member of their own sex serves as a satisfactory substitute. An adolescent who feels rejected both by his family and by the peer group is likely to get emotional satisfaction wherever he can, whether it be by joining a juvenile gang or by daydreaming.

In middle and old age, many people find that to some extent pets serve as a satisfactory substitute for the stable source of affection they were accustomed to before the death or divorce of a spouse or the departure of their children.

 

Wednesday, April 13, 2011

POVERTY REDUCTION


Historically, poverty reduction has been largely a result of economic growth. The industrial revolution led to high economic growth and eliminated mass poverty in what is now considered the developed world. In 1820, 75% of humanity lived on less than a dollar a day, while in 2001, only about 20% did.As three quarters of the world's poor live in the country side, the World Bank cites helping small farmers as the heart of the fight against poverty. Economic growth in agriculture is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a country's population as growth generated in non-agricultural sectors. However, aid is essential in providing better lives for those who are already poor and in sponsoring medical and scientific efforts such as the Green Revolution and the eradication of smallpox.
In The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Max Weber first suggested that cultural values could affect economic success, arguing that the Protestant Reformation led to values that drove people toward worldly achievements, a hard work ethic, and saving to accumulate wealth for investment.The new religions (in particular, Calvinism and other more austere Protestant sects) effectively forbade wastefully using hard earned money and identified the purchase of luxuries a sin.

Economic liberalization
Ian Vásquez, director of the Cato Institute's Project on Global Economic Liberty, wrote that extending property rights protection to the poor is one of the most important poverty reduction strategies a nation could take.Securing property rights to land, the largest asset for most societies, is vital to their economic freedom. The World Bank concludes increasing land rights is 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it. Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto has estimated that state recognition of the property of the poor would give them assets worth 40 times all the foreign aid since 1945. Although approaches varied, the World Bank said the key issues were security of tenure and ensuring land transactions were low cost.
In   India, noted reductions in poverty in recent decades have occurred mostly as a result of the abandonment of collective farming in China and the cutting of government red tape in India. However, ending government sponsorship of social programs is sometimes advocated as a free market principle with tragic consequences. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for fertilizer even while many farmers cannot afford them at market prices. The reconfiguration of public financing in former Soviet states during their transition to a market economy called for reduced spending on health and education, sharply increasing poverty.
Trade liberalization increases the total surplus of trading nations. Remittances sent to poor countries, such as India, are sometimes larger than foreign direct investment and total remittances are more than double aid flows from OECD countries. Foreign investment and export industries helped fuel the economic expansion of fast growing Asian nations. However, trade rules are often unfair as they block access to richer nations' markets and ban poorer nations from supporting their industries.Processed products from poorer nations, in contrast to raw materials, get vastly higher tariffs at richer nations' ports.

Capital, infrastructure and technology
World GDP per capita
Investments in human capital, in the form of health, is needed for economic growth. Nations do not necessarily need wealth to gain health. For example, Sri Lanka had a maternal mortality rate of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today. It reduced it to .5-.6% in the 1950s and to .06% today while spending less each year on maternal health because it learned what worked and what did not. Cheap water filters and promoting hand washing are some of the most cost effective health interventions and can cut deaths from diarrhea and pneumonia. Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive but educational measures to disseminate what works are available, such as the disease control priorities project.
Human capital, in the form of education, is an even more important determinant of economic growth than physical capital. Deworming children costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non-attendance from anemia, illness and malnutrition and is only a twenty-fifth as expensive to increase school attendance as by constructing schools.
UN economists argue that good infrastructure, such as roads and information networks, helps market reforms to work. China claims it is investing in railways, roads, ports and rural telephones in African countries as part of its formula for economic development. It was the technology of the steam engine that originally began the dramatic decreases in poverty levels. Cell phone technology brings the market to poor or rural sections. With necessary information, remote farmers can produce specific crops to sell to the buyers that brings the best price.
Such technology also makes financial services accessible to the poor. Those in poverty place overwhelming importance on having a safe place to save money, much more so than receiving loans. Also, a large part of microfinance loans are spent on products that would usually be paid by a checking or savings account. Mobile banking addresses the problem of the heavy regulation and costly maintenance of saving accounts. Mobile financial services in the developing world, ahead of the developed world in this respect, could be worth $5 billion by 2012. Safaricom's M-Pesa launched one of the first systems where a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers, instead of bank branches, would take deposits in cash and translate these onto a virtual account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making remittances safer.

Aid
Aid in its simplest form is a basic income grant, a form of social security periodically providing citizens with money. In pilot projects in Namibia, where such a program pays just $13 a month, people were able to pay tuition fees, raising the proportion of children going to school by 92%, child malnutrition rates fell from 42% to 10% and economic activity grew by 10%. Researchers say it is more efficient to support the families and extended families that care for the vast majority of orphans with simple allocations of cash than supporting orphanages, who get most of the aid.
Some aid, such as Conditional Cash Transfers, can be rewarded based on desirable actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving vaccinations. In Mexico, for example, dropout rates of 16-19 year olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height. Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children stopped begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program.
Another form of aid is microloans, made famous by the Grameen Bank, where small amounts of money are loaned to farmers or villages, mostly women, who can then obtain physical capital to increase their economic rewards. For example, the Thai government's People's Bank, makes loans of $100 to $300 to help farmers buy equipment or seeds, help street vendors acquire an inventory to sell, or help others set up small shops. While advancing the woman and her household's position economically, microloans empower women and enable them to voice their opinions in general household decisions.
Aid from non-governmental organizations may be more effective than governmental aid; this may be because it is better at reaching the poor and better controlled at the grassroots level. Critics argue that some of the foreign aid is stolen by corrupt governments and officials, and that higher aid levels erode the quality of governance. Policy becomes much more oriented toward what will get more aid money than it does towards meeting the needs of the people. Supporters of aid argue that these problems may be solved with better auditing of how the aid is used. Immunization campaigns for children, such as against polio, diphtheria and measles have save millions of lives.
A major proportion of aid from donor nations is tied, mandating that a receiving nation spend on products and expertise originating only from the donor country. For example, Eritrea is forced to spend aid money on foreign goods and services to build a network of railways even though it is cheaper to use local expertise and resources. US law requires food aid be spent on buying food at home, instead of where the hungry live, and, as a result, half of what is spent is used on transport.
One of the proposed ways to help poor countries has been debt relief. Many less developed nations have gotten themselves into extensive debt to banks and governments from the rich nations and interest payments on these debts are often more than a country can generate per year in profits from exports. If poor countries do not have to spend so much on debt payments, they can use the money instead for priorities which help reduce poverty such as basic health-care and education. For example, Zambia began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of savings that resulted from the rounds of debt relief in 2005.

Good institution 
Efficient institutions that are not corrupt and obey the rule of law make and enforce good laws that provide security to property and businesses. Efficient and fair governments would work to invest in the long-term interests of the nation rather than plunder resources through corruption. Researchers at UC Berkeley developed what they called a "Weberianness scale" which measures aspects of bureaucracies and governments Max Weber described as most important for rational-legal and efficient government over 100 years ago. Comparative research has found that the scale is correlated with higher rates of economic development.
With their related concept of good governance World Bank researchers have found much the same: Data from 150 nations have shown several measures of good governance (such as accountability, effectiveness, rule of law, low corruption) to be related to higher rates of economic development.  The United Nations Development Program published a report in April 2000 which focused on good governance in poor countries as a key to economic development and overcoming the selfish interests of wealthy elites often behind state actions in developing nations. The report concludes that "Without good governance, reliance on trickle-down economic development and a host of other strategies will not work."
Examples of good governance leading to economic development and poverty reduction include Thailand, Taiwan, Malaysia, South Korea, and Vietnam, which tend to have a strong government, called a hard state or development state. These "hard states" have the will and authority to create and maintain policies that lead to long-term development that helps all their citizens, not just the wealthy. Multinational corporations are regulated so that they follow reasonable standards for pay and labor conditions, pay reasonable taxes to help develop the country, and keep some of the profits in the country, reinvesting them to provide further development. In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana, and by 2008 it was 17 times as high as Ghana's.
Funds from aid and natural resources are often diverted into private hands and then sent to banks overseas as a result of graft. If Western banks rejected stolen money, says a report by Global Witness, ordinary people would benefit "in a way that aid flows will never achieve". The report asked for more regulation of banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism, money-laundering or tax evasion.
Good institutions are vital. When none exist or the only existing are hard to access, traditional systems that do not follow the rule of law flourish to provide law and order. These systems have much to do with honor, and often, lead to many ignoring or covering abuse to avoid shaming a family.

Empowering women
Empowering women has helped some countries increase and sustain economic development. When given more rights and opportunities women begin to receive more education, thus increasing the overall human capital of the country; when given more influence women seem to act more responsibly in helping people in the family or village; and when better educated and more in control of their lives, women are more successful in bringing down rapid population growth because they have more say in family planning.